Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or "inconvenient" as determined by government authorities or by community consensus. Governments and private organizations may engage in censorship.
Other groups or institutions may propose and petition for censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as self-censorship. Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, and content.
Many countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and frequently a claim of necessity to balance conflicting rights is made, in order to determine what could and could not be censored. There are no laws against self-censorship. In BC, Greek philosopher, Socratesdefied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates' student, Platois said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republicwhich opposed the existence of democracy.
InSweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law. Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader; all reporting was directed by the Communist Party or related organizations. Pravdathe predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available only if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdatillegal self-published books and magazines.
Possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB. Another outlet for works which did not find favor with the authorities was publishing abroad. The People's Republic of China employs sophisticated censorship mechanisms, referred to as the Golden Shield Projectto monitor the internet. Popular search engines such as Baidu also remove politically sensitive search results.
Cuban media used bitcoin april 11th ncert solution be operated under the supervision of the Communist Party's Department of Revolutionary Orientationwhich "develops and coordinates propaganda strategies". Censorship also takes place in capitalist nations, such as Uruguay. Ina military coup took power in Uruguay, and the State practiced censorship.
For example, writer Eduardo Galeano was imprisoned and later was forced to flee. His book Open Veins of Latin America was banned by the right-wing military government, not only in Uruguay, but also in Chile and Argentina. In the United States, censorship occurs through books, film festivals, politics, and public schools.
Additionally, critics of campaign finance reform in the United States say this reform imposes widespread restrictions on political speech.
The Act further defines a "party political film" as any film or video. Inthe short documentary called A Vision of Persistence on opposition politician J. Jeyaretnam was also banned for being a "party political film". The makers of the documentary, all lecturers at the Ngee Ann Polytechnic, later submitted written apologies and withdrew the documentary from being screened at the Singapore International Film Festival in April, having been told they could be charged in court.
Another short documentary called Singapore Rebel by Martyn Seewhich bitcoin april 11th ncert solution Singapore Democratic Party leader Dr Chee Soon Juan 's acts of bitcoin april 11th ncert solution disobedience, was banned from the Singapore International Film Festival on the same grounds and See is being investigated for possible violations bitcoin april 11th ncert solution the Films Act.
This law, however, is often disregarded when such political films are made supporting the ruling People's Action Party PAP. Channel NewsAsia bitcoin april 11th ncert solution five-part documentary series on Singapore's PAP ministers in bitcoin april 11th ncert solution, for example, was not considered a party political film. Exceptions are also made when political films are made concerning political parties of other nations. Films such as Michael Moore 's Fahrenheit are thus allowed to screen regardless of the law.
Since Marchthe Films Act has been amended to allow party political films as long as they were deemed factual and objective by a consultative committee. Some months later, this committee lifted the ban on Singapore Rebel.
In wartime, explicit censorship is carried out with the intent of preventing the release of information that might be useful to an enemy. Typically it involves keeping times or locations secret, or delaying the release of information e. The moral issues here are often seen as somewhat different, as the proponents of this form of censorship argues that release of tactical information usually presents a greater risk of casualties among one's own forces and could possibly lead to loss of the overall conflict.
During World War I letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted bitcoin april 11th ncert solution officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent.
The World War II catchphrase " Loose lips sink ships " was used as a common justification to exercise official wartime censorship and encourage individual restraint when sharing potentially sensitive information.
An example of " sanitization " policies comes from the USSR under Joseph Stalinwhere publicly used photographs were often altered to remove people bitcoin april 11th ncert solution Stalin had condemned to execution. Though past photographs may have been remembered or kept, this deliberate and systematic alteration to all of history in the public mind is seen as one of the central themes of Stalinism and totalitarianism. Censorship is occasionally carried out to aid bitcoin april 11th ncert solution or to protect an individual, as with some kidnappings when attention and bitcoin april 11th ncert solution coverage of the victim can sometimes be seen as unhelpful.
Censorship by religion is a form of censorship where freedom of expression is controlled or limited using religious authority or on the basis of the teachings of the religion. This form of censorship has a long history and is practiced in many societies and by many religions. Images of the Islamic figure Muhammad are also regularly censored. In some secular countries, this is sometimes done to prevent hurting religious sentiments. The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, since their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is the one commonly used to refer to removal of critical or conflicting events.
The reporting of military atrocities in history is extremely controversial, as in the case of The Holocaust or Holocaust denialBombing of Dresdenthe Nanking Massacre as found with Japanese history textbook controversiesthe Armenian Genocidethe Tiananmen Square protests ofand the Winter Soldier Investigation of the Vietnam War. In the context of secondary school education, the way facts and history are presented greatly influences the interpretation of contemporary thought, opinion and socialization.
One argument for censoring the type of information disseminated is based on the inappropriate quality of such material for the young. The use of the "inappropriate" distinction is in itself controversial, as it changed heavily. A Ballantine Books version of the book Fahrenheit which is the version used by most school classes [26] contained approximately 75 separate edits, omissions, and changes from the original Bradbury manuscript. The offending cover was about the subject of love and a picture of an embracing couple was hidden beneath a white sticker.
Copy approval is the right to read and amend an article, usually an interview, before publication. Many publications refuse to give copy approval but it is increasingly becoming common practice when dealing with publicity anxious celebrities.
Robert Bitcoin april 11th ncert solution is well known for insisting upon picture approval. Hollywood publicist Pat Kingsley is known for banning certain writers who wrote undesirably bitcoin april 11th ncert solution one of her clients from interviewing any of her other clients.
There are many ways that censors exhibit creativity, but a specific variant is of concern in which censors rewrite texts, giving these texts secret co-authors. Self-censorship is the act of censoring or classifying one's own blogbook, film, or other forms of media. This is done out of fear of, or deference to, the sensibilities or preferences actual bitcoin april 11th ncert solution perceived of others and without overt pressure from any specific party or institution of authority.
Self-censorship is often practiced by film producersfilm directorspublishersnews anchorsjournalistsmusiciansand other kinds of authors including individuals who use social media.
According to a Pew Research Center and the Columbia Journalism Review survey, "About one-quarter bitcoin april 11th ncert solution the local and national journalists say they have bitcoin april 11th ncert solution avoided newsworthy stories, while nearly as many acknowledge they have softened the tone of stories to benefit the interests of their news organizations.
Threats to media freedom have shown a significant increase in Europe in recent years, according to a study published in April by the Council of Europe.
This results in a fear of physical or psychological violence, and the ultimate result is self-censorship by journalists. Book censorship can be enacted at the national or sub-national level, and can carry legal penalties for their infraction. Books may also be challenged at a local, community level. As a result, books can be removed from schools or libraries, although these bans do not extend outside of that area.
One example is the still withdrawn " Censored Eleven " series of animated cartoons, which may have been innocent then, but are "incorrect" now. Film censorship is carried out by various countries to differing degrees. For example, only 34 foreign films a year are approved for official distribution in China 's strictly controlled film market. Music censorship has been implemented by states, religions, educational systems, families, retailers and lobbying groups — and in most cases they violate international conventions of human rights.
Censorship of maps is often employed for military purposes. For example, the technique was used in former East Germanyespecially for the areas near the border to West Germany in order to make attempts of defection more difficult. Censorship of maps is also applied by Google Mapswhere certain areas are grayed out or blacked or areas are purposely left outdated with old imagery.
Under subsection 48 3 and 4 of the Penang Islamic Religious Administration Enactmentnon-Muslims in Malaysia are penalized for using the following words, or to write or publish them, in any form, version or translation in any language or for use in any publicity material in any medium: One elementary school's obscenity filter changed every reference to the word "tit" to "breast," so when a child typed "U.
Constitution" into the school computer, it changed it to Consbreastution. British photographer and bitcoin april 11th ncert solution artist Graham Ovenden 's photos and paintings were bitcoin april 11th ncert solution to be destroyed by a London's magistrate court in for being "indecent" [42] and their copies had been removed from the online Tate gallery.
A Israeli law forbade banned artwork composed of the four colours of the Palestinian flag[44] and Palestinians were arrested for displaying such artwork or even for carrying sliced melons with the same pattern. Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.
It may be carried out by governments or by private organizations either at the behest of government or on their own initiative. Individuals and organizations may engage in self-censorship on their own or due to intimidation and fear. The issues associated with Internet censorship are similar to those for bitcoin april 11th ncert solution censorship of more traditional media. One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: Thus censors must work to prevent access to information even though they lack physical or legal control over the websites themselves.
This in turn requires the use of technical censorship methods that are unique to the Internet, such as site blocking and content filtering. Unless the censor has total control over all Internet-connected computers, such as in North Korea or Cubatotal censorship of information is very difficult or impossible to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the Internet.
Pseudonymity and bitcoin april 11th ncert solution havens such as Freenet protect free speech using technologies that guarantee material cannot be removed and prevents the identification of authors. Technologically savvy users can often find ways to access blocked content. Nevertheless, blocking remains an effective means of limiting access to sensitive information for most users when censors, such as those in Chinaare able to devote significant resources to building and maintaining a comprehensive censorship system.
Views about the feasibility and effectiveness of Internet censorship have evolved in parallel with the development of the Internet and censorship technologies:. A BBC World Service poll of 27, adults in 26 countries, including 14, Internet users, [57] was conducted between 30 November and 7 February The head of the polling organization felt, overall, that the poll showed that:. The rising usage of social media in many nations has led to the emergence of citizens organizing protests through social media, sometimes called " Twitter Revolutions ".
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