Who invented Bitcoin and who is mysterious founder, Satoshi Nakamoto?

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Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto [11] and released as open-source software in Bitcoins are created bitcoin inventor country a reward for a process known as mining. They can be exchanged for other currencies, [13] products, and services. Research produced by the University of Cambridge estimates that inthere were 2. The word bitcoin was defined in a white paper [4] published on 31 October One bitcoin can be subdivided into millibitcoin mBTCand satoshi sat.

Named in homage to bitcoin's creator, a satoshi is the smallest amount within bitcoin representing 0. As with bitcoin inventor country new bitcoin inventor country, font support is very limited. Typefaces supporting it include Horta. Bitcoin is seen as having been politically or ideologically motivated starting from the white paper written by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The central bank must be trusted bitcoin inventor country to bitcoin inventor country the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust. Early bitcoin supporters were considered to be libertarian or anarchist trying to remove currency from the control of governments. Roger Ver said "At first, almost everyone who got involved did so for philosophical reasons.

We saw bitcoin as a great bitcoin inventor country, as a way to separate money from the state. Nigel Dodd argues in "The Social Life of Bitcoin" bitcoin inventor country the essence of the bitcoin ideology is to remove money from social, as well as governmental, control, and that "Bitcoin will succeed as money to the extent that it fails as an ideology.

The currency relies on that which the ideology underpinning it seeks to deny, namely, the dependence of money upon social relations, and upon trust. Dodd shows the intensity bitcoin inventor country the ideological and political motivation for bitcoin by quoting a YouTube video, with Roger Ver, Jeff BerwickKristov Atlas, Trace Meyer and other leaders of the bitcoin movement reading The Declaration of Bitcoin's Independence.

The declaration includes the words "Bitcoin is inherently anti-establishment, anti-system, and anti-state. Bitcoin undermines governments and disrupts institutions because bitcoin is fundamentally bitcoin inventor country. David Golumbia traces the influences on bitcoin ideology back to right-wing extremists such as the Liberty Lobby and the John Birch Society and their anti-Central Bank rhetoric.

More recent influences include Ron Paul and Tea Party -style libertarianism. It takes control back from central authorities. On 18 Augustthe domain name "bitcoin. Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open source code and released it in January In Januarythe bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the first block of the chain, known as the genesis block.

This note has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking. The receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was cypherpunk Hal Finneywho created the first reusable proof-of-work system RPOW in Wei Daicreator of b-moneyand Nick Szabocreator of bit gold. Nakamoto is estimated to have mined 1 million bitcoins. Andresen later became lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation.

Bitcoin inventor country left bitcoin inventor country for controversy to develop over the future development path of bitcoin. Litecoin was an early bitcoin spinoff or altcoin, starting in October Many altcoins have been created since.

The Bitcoin Foundation was founded in September to "accelerate the global growth of bitcoin through standardization, protection, and promotion of the open source protocol".

In March the blockchainthe bitcoin transaction log, temporarily split into two independent chains with different bitcoin inventor country. The two blockchains operated simultaneously for six hours, each with its own version of the transaction history. Normal operation was restored when the majority of the network bitcoin inventor country to version 0.

The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network FinCEN established regulatory guidelines for "decentralized virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses or MSBsthat may be subject to registration and other legal obligations. In April, payment processors BitInstant bitcoin inventor country Mt. On 15 Bitcoin inventor countrythe US authorities seized accounts bitcoin inventor country with Mt.

On 5 Decemberthe People's Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoins. On 1 Augusta hard fork of bitcoin was created, known as Bitcoin Cash. On 24 October another hard fork, Bitcoin Goldwas created.

Bitcoin Gold changes the proof-of-work algorithm used in mining. As disagreements around scaling bitcoin heated up, several hard forks were proposed. Bitcoin XT was one proposal that aimed for 24 transactions per second. In order to accomplish this, it proposed increasing the block size from 1 megabyte to 8 bitcoin inventor country.

When Bitcoin XT was declined, some community members still wanted block sizes to increase. In response, a group of developers launched Bitcoin Classicwhich intended to increase the block size to only 2 megabytes. Bitcoin Unlimited set itself apart by allowing miners to decide on the size of their blocks, with nodes and miners limiting the size of blocks they accept, up to 16 megabytes.

Put bitcoin inventor country, SegWit is a backward-compatible soft-fork that aims to reduce the size of each bitcoin transaction, thereby allowing more transactions to bitcoin inventor country place at once. Segwit activated on 1 August In response to SegWit, some developers and users decided to initiate a hard fork in order to avoid the protocol updates it brought about.

Bitcoin Cash was the result, which increased the block size to 8 megabytes. After a number of companies and bitcoin inventor country in the community decided to back out of the hard fork, the team behind SegWit2x cancelled their planned hard fork in November Bitcoin Gold was a hard fork that followed several months later in October that changed the proof-of-work algorithm with the aim of restoring mining functionality to basic graphics bitcoin inventor country units GPUas the developers felt that mining had become too specialized.

The blockchain is a public ledger that records bitcoin transactions. A novel solution accomplishes this without any trusted central authority: Network nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes.

The blockchain is a distributed database — to achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership of any and every bitcoin amount, each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin amount has been spent, which is necessary in order to prevent double-spending in an environment without central oversight. Whereas a conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, the blockchain is the only place that bitcoins can be said to bitcoin inventor country in the form of unspent outputs of transactions.

Transactions are defined using a Forth -like scripting language. When a user sends bitcoins, the user designates each address and the amount of bitcoin being sent to that address in an output. To prevent double spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain. Since transactions can have multiple outputs, users can send bitcoins to multiple recipients in one transaction.

As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs coins used to pay can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case, an additional output is used, returning the change back to the payer. Paying a transaction fee is optional. Because the size of mined blocks is bitcoin inventor country by the network, miners choose transactions based on the fee paid bitcoin inventor country to their storage size, not the absolute amount of money paid bitcoin inventor country a fee.

The size of transactions is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction, and the number of outputs. In the blockchain, bitcoins are registered to bitcoin addresses. Creating a bitcoin address is nothing more than picking a random valid private key and computing the corresponding bitcoin address. This computation can be done in a split second. But the reverse computing the private key of a given bitcoin address is mathematically unfeasible and so users can tell others and make public a bitcoin inventor country address without compromising its corresponding private key.

Moreover, the number of valid private keys is so vast that it is extremely unlikely someone will compute a key-pair that is already in use and has funds.

The vast number of valid private keys makes it unfeasible that brute force could be used for that. To be able to spend the bitcoins, the owner must know the corresponding private key and digitally sign the transaction. The network verifies the signature using the public key. If the private key is lost, the bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence of ownership; [8] bitcoin inventor country coins are then unusable, and effectively lost.

Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power. To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a so-called proof-of-work PoW. Every 2, blocks approximately 14 days at roughly 10 min per blockthe difficulty target is adjusted based on the network's recent performance, with the aim of keeping the average time between new blocks at ten minutes.

In this way the system automatically adapts to the bitcoin inventor country amount of mining power on the network. The proof-of-work system, alongside the chaining of blocks, makes modifications of the blockchain extremely hard, as an attacker must modify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one block to be accepted.

Computing power is often bundled together or "pooled" to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment. In a pool, all participating miners get paid bitcoin inventor country time a participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that block. The successful miner finding the new block is rewarded with newly created bitcoins and transaction fees.

To claim the reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included with the processed payments. The bitcoin protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be halved everyblocks approximately every four years. Eventually, the reward will decrease to zero, and the bitcoin inventor country of 21 million bitcoins [f] will be reached c.

Their numbers are being released roughly every ten minutes and the rate at which they are generated would drop by half bitcoin inventor country four years until all were in circulation. A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins.

While wallets are often described as a place to hold [85] bitcoin inventor country store bitcoins, [86] due to the nature bitcoin inventor country the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger. A better way to describe a wallet is something that "stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin holdings" [86] and allows one to access and spend them. Bitcoin uses public-key cryptographyin which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are generated.

There are three modes which wallets can operate in.

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Satoshi Nakamoto is the name used by the unknown person or people who developed bitcoin , authored the bitcoin white paper, created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation. They were active in the development of bitcoin up until December In October , Nakamoto published a paper [6] [7] on the cryptography mailing list at metzdowd. It was titled "Bitcoin: In January , Nakamoto released the first bitcoin software that launched the network and the first units of the bitcoin cryptocurrency , called bitcoins.

Nakamoto claimed that work on the writing of the code began in The implemented solution enabled specialized codes and data fields from the start through the use of a predicative script. Nakamoto created a website with the domain name bitcoin.

Around this time, he handed over control of the source code repository and network alert key to Gavin Andresen , [13] transferred several related domains to various prominent members of the bitcoin community, and stopped his involvement in the project. Until shortly before his absence and handover, Nakamoto made all modifications to the source code himself. On 3 January , the bitcoin network came into existence with Satoshi Nakamoto mining the genesis block of bitcoin block number 0 , which had a reward of 50 bitcoins.

The text refers to a headline in The Times published on 3 January This block is unlike all other blocks in that it doesn't have a previous block to reference.

Timestamps for subsequent blocks indicate that Nakamoto did not try to mine all the early blocks solely for himself. As initially the sole and subsequently the predominant miner, Nakamoto was awarded bitcoin at genesis and for 10 days afterwards. Nakamoto has not disclosed any personal information when discussing technical matters. On his P2P Foundation profile as of , Nakamoto claimed to be a year-old male who lived in Japan , [25] but some speculated he was unlikely to be Japanese due to his use of perfect English and his bitcoin software not being documented or labelled in Japanese.

Occasional British English spelling and terminology such as the phrase "bloody hard" in both source code comments and forum postings led to speculation that Nakamoto, or at least one individual in the consortium claiming to be him, was of Commonwealth origin. Stefan Thomas, a Swiss coder and active community member, graphed the time stamps for each of Nakamoto's bitcoin forum posts more than ; the resulting chart showed a steep decline to almost no posts between the hours of 5 a.

This was between 2 p. Japanese time , suggesting an unusual sleep pattern for someone presumably living in Japan. As this pattern held true even on Saturdays and Sundays, it suggested that Nakamoto was asleep at this time. This is an earlier draft than the final draft on bitcoin. Gavin Andresen has said of Nakamoto's code: There is still doubt about the real identity of Satoshi Nakamoto.

Hal Finney 4 May — 28 August was a pre-bitcoin cryptographic pioneer and the first person other than Nakamoto himself to use the software, file bug reports, and make improvements.

However, after meeting Finney, seeing the emails between him and Nakamoto and his bitcoin wallet's history including the very first bitcoin transaction from Nakamoto to him, which he forgot to pay back and hearing his denial, Greenberg concluded that Finney was telling the truth.

In December , a blogger named Skye Grey linked Nick Szabo to the bitcoin whitepaper using a stylometric analysis. Detailed research by financial author Dominic Frisby provides much circumstantial evidence but, as he admits, no proof that Satoshi is Szabo. In a July email to Frisby, he said: I'm afraid you got it wrong doxing me as Satoshi, but I'm used to it'. Besides his name, Goodman pointed to a number of facts that circumstantially suggested he was the bitcoin inventor.

Nakamoto was laid off twice in the early s and turned libertarian , according to his daughter, and encouraged her to start her own business "not under the government's thumb. It's been turned over to other people. They are in charge of it now.

I no longer have any connection. On 8 December , Wired wrote that Craig Steven Wright , an Australian academic, "either invented bitcoin or is a brilliant hoaxer who very badly wants us to believe he did". The same day, Gizmodo published a story with evidence obtained by a hacker who supposedly broke into Wright's email accounts, claiming that Satoshi Nakamoto was a joint pseudonym for Craig Steven Wright and computer forensics analyst David Kleiman , who died in His business premises in Ryde, New South Wales were also searched by police.

The Australian Federal Police stated they conducted searches to assist the Australian Taxation Office and that "This matter is unrelated to recent media reporting regarding the digital currency bitcoin. In articles released on the same day, journalists from the BBC and The Economist stated that they saw Wright signing a message using the private key associated with the first bitcoin transaction.

Some people will believe, some people won't, and to tell you the truth, I don't really care. I didn't decide [to reveal my identity now]. People decided this matter for me.

And they're making life difficult not for me but my friends, my family, my staff. They want to be private. They don't want all of this to affect them. And I don't want any of them to be impacted by this. None of it's true. There are lots of stories out there that have been made up. And I don't like it hurting those people I care about.

So I am going to do this thing only once. I am going to come in front of a camera once. And I will never, ever, be on the camera ever again for any TV station, or any media, ever. Wright's claim was supported by Jon Matonis former director of the Bitcoin Foundation and bitcoin developer Gavin Andresen , both of whom met Wright and witnessed a similar signing demonstration. However, bitcoin developer Peter Todd said that Wright's blog post, which appeared to contain cryptographic proof, actually contained nothing of the sort.

On 4 May , Wright made another post on his blog intimating his intentions to publish "a series of pieces that will lay the foundations for this extraordinary claim". I believed that I could put the years of anonymity and hiding behind me. But, as the events of this week unfolded and I prepared to publish the proof of access to the earliest keys, I broke. I do not have the courage. On Thursday 5 May shortly before closing his blog, Wright sent around an email link to a news story from an impostor site resembling SiliconAngle saying "Craig Wright faces criminal charges and serious jail time in UK".

Wright stated that "I am the source of terrorist funds as bitcoin creator or I am a fraud to the world. At least a fraud is able to see his family.

There is nothing I can do. Three True Stories" in which O'Hagan spends several weeks with Wright at the request of Wright's public relations team; which, as revealed in the book, was set up as a result of a business deal between Wright and various individuals including Calvin Ayre after bitcoin was created. All of those involved in the described business deal seemed to agree that they wanted a significant event in human history to be documented by a writer with complete impartiality and freedom to investigate.

O'Hagan was with Wright during the time of his various media interviews. O'Hagan also interviews Wright's wife, colleagues and many of the other people involved in his claims.

Further, O'Hagan suggests that Wright provided an invalid private key because he was legally unable to provide the valid one as a result of legal obligations agreed as part of a Seychelles trust deal previously reached. O'Hagan's book also corroborates the suggestion that both Wright and David Kleiman were the identies of the moniker "Satoshi Nakamoto".

He had told the BBC that he had not wanted to come out into the spotlight but needed to dispel damaging rumours affecting his family, friends and colleagues. But O'Hagan shows us something rather different - a man under intense pressure from business associates who stood to profit from him if he could be shown to be Nakamoto.

This is in reference to O'Hagan's firsthand account, which describes business associates as being furious when they learned that Wright had provided invalid proof despite showing them valid proof privately and for his failure to disclose the details of the Seychelles Trust deal which meant that he could neither provide said proof publicly or yet gain access to the bitcoin attributed to Nakamoto.

Cellan-Jones concludes his article by expressing doubts about Wright but admits "It seems very likely he was involved, perhaps as part of a team that included Dave Kleiman and Hal Finney, the recipient of the first transaction with the currency.

Ian Grigg, who is credited with inventing triple entry accounting [84] describes the events as follows [85]:. Firstly, Satoshi Nakamoto is not one human being.

It is or was a team. Craig Wright named one person in his recent communications, being the late Dave Kleinman. Craig did not name others, nor should I. While he was the quintessential genius who had the original idea for Bitcoin and wrote the lion's share of the code, Craig could not have done it alone.

Satoshi Nakamoto was a team effort. New Liberty Dollar issuer Joseph VaughnPerling says he met Wright at a conference in Amsterdam three years before publication of the bitcoin white paper and that Wright introduced himself as Satoshi Nakamoto at that time.

In a article in The New Yorker , Joshua Davis claimed to have narrowed down the identity of Nakamoto to a number of possible individuals, including the Finnish economic sociologist Dr.

Vili Lehdonvirta and Irish student Michael Clear, [88] then a graduate student in cryptography at Trinity College Dublin and now a post-doctoral student at Georgetown University.

All three men denied being Nakamoto when contacted by Penenberg. The late Dave Kleiman has been also named as a possible candidate, and Craig Wright claimed an association with him as well. Trammell, a Texas-based security researcher, was suggested as Nakamoto, but he publicly denied it. The two based their suspicion on an analysis of the network of bitcoin transactions, [99] but later retracted their claim.

Some have considered that Nakamoto might be a team of people: Dan Kaminsky , a security researcher who read the bitcoin code, [] said that Nakamoto could either be a "team of people" or a "genius"; [26] Laszlo Hanyecz, a former Bitcoin Core developer who had emailed Nakamoto, had the feeling the code was too well designed for one person.

A article [] published by a former SpaceX intern espoused the possibility of SpaceX and Tesla CEO Elon Musk being the real Satoshi, based on Musk's technical expertise with financial software and history of publishing whitepapers. However, in a tweet on November 28th, Musk denied the claim.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This section needs expansion with: You can help by adding to it. Archived from the original on 21 August Retrieved 3 November The great chain of being sure about things". Archived from the original on 3 July