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Su superficie es de 3. Hacia Salamanca contaba ya con 2. Los escasos datos sobre esta cultura llevan a afirmar que su desarrollo en la zona fue marginal. Desde mucho se conocen restos en los valles de Petorca y Alicahue. En , durante la Patria Nueva, los naturales de Chalinga, aunados por el indio Vicente Paillarte y el mestizo Francisco Carvajal, atacaron la ciudad de Illapel un jueves santo, aduciendo descontento por el nombramiento del cacique.
La actividad comercial de importancia se basa fundamentalmente en la agricultura y el trabajo de la tierra. Chile — Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile also claims about 1,, square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in , Chile emerged in the s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the s and s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in after it lost a referendum in and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption.
There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili.
Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such.
The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18, years ago. About 10, years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube.
They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley.
Regiones de Chile — Chile is divided into 15 regions, which are the countrys first-level administrative division. Each region is headed by an intendant, appointed by the President, regions are divided into provinces, each headed by a governor, appointed by the President. There are 54 provinces, in total, Provinces are further divided into communes, which are governed by municipalities. Each region is given a Roman numeral, followed by a name, when the regional structure was created, Roman numerals were assigned in ascending order from north to south, with the northernmost region designated as I and the southernmost region as XII.
With the creation of regions XIV in the south and XV in the north in , the administrative divisions of Chile were created in and limited to 13 regions.
Previously, Chile was divided into 25 provinces, which were divided into departments. The new territorial organization was implemented in phases with some initial pilot regions beginning to operate in , the Santiago Metropolitan Region began to operate in April It is some km north of the capital, Santiago, the capital and largest city is La Serena, other important cities include the seaport Coquimbo and the agricultural centre Ovalle.
The Coquimbo Region forms the narrowest part, or waist of Chile, the region has notable marine species as well as taxa that are associated with the mountainous regions. With respect to marine organisms, the upwelling areas encourage bioproductivity off of this Pacific Coast area of Chile, the Elqui Valley is home to a number of astronomical observatories, owing to the regions clear skies.
It is also home to a meter-long dam, the Puclaro, mining and agricultural activities account for the location of various places in the region, around the transverse valleys and mineral deposits. Originally this organization was structured according to the location of Indian villages of the Diaguitas, a high percentage of inhabitants are of Mestizo background, higher than any other region in Chile. Other indigenous peoples include the Aymara, Atacameno, Mapuche and Quechua whom were themselves from Peru.
Recent high population growth stresses the conurbation La Serena-Coquimbo, which half the regional population.
Visitors are mainly attracted to its beaches, many of fine white sand, bathed by a calm sea. Along with tourism, the main industries are agriculture and fishing. The Los Pelambres copper mine, near Salamanca in Choapa is one of the largest in the world with some 2, million tonnes of reserves, the first newspaper published in this region was El Minero de Coquimbo in The signal issued from Arica continued until , when it was closed forever, another regional channel, now gone, was the Canal 8 UCV TV.
This channel in changed to signal the signal 9, until in finally closed its doors, leaving the memory of more than 25 years of history of local communications. Provincias de Chile — A province is the second largest administrative division in Chile with 54 in total. The largest administrative division in Chile is that of a region with 15 in total, each provincial government is headed by a governor appointed by the president.
The governor exercises their powers in accordance with instructions from the regional intendant, the governor is advised by the Provincial Economic and Social Council. The only exception is the Santiago Province, which makes no provision for provincial government in its regulations, the countrys provinces are further divided into communes which are administered by an alcalde and municipal council. Surface area is its analog on the surface of a three-dimensional object.
It is the analog of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid. The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size, in the International System of Units, the standard unit of area is the square metre, which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long.
A shape with an area of three square metres would have the area as three such squares. In mathematics, the square is defined to have area one. There are several formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles, for shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a motivation for the historical development of calculus.
For a solid such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder. Formulas for the areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks. Area plays an important role in modern mathematics, in addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry. In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure, in general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions.
Area can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers and it can be proved that such a function exists. Each square on the map is 2 cm by 2 cm, for 1,25, maps, the grid lines are 4 cm apart. Each square on the map is 4 cm by 4 cm, in each case, the grid lines enclose one square kilometre. The area enclosed by the walls of many European medieval cities were about one square kilometre, the approximate area of the old walled cities can often be worked out by fitting the course of the wall to a rectangle or an oval.
The approximate width of the rectangle was about 0. The maximum distance from east to west is 1. A perfect rectangle of these dimensions would be 1. The maximum distance from north to south is 2. A perfect ellipse of these dimensions would be 2. The distance from Northgate to Watergate is about metres. Parks come in all sizes, a few are almost exactly one kilometre in area. Using the figures published by golf course architects Crafter and Mogford, assuming a 6, metres hole course, an area of 80 hectares needs to be allocated for the course itself.
Altitud — Altitude or height is defined based on the context in which it is used. As a general definition, altitude is a measurement, usually in the vertical or up direction. The reference datum also often varies according to the context, although the term altitude is commonly used to mean the height above sea level of a location, in geography the term elevation is often preferred for this usage. Vertical distance measurements in the direction are commonly referred to as depth.
In aviation, the altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by explicitly adding a modifier. Parties exchanging altitude information must be clear which definition is being used, aviation altitude is measured using either mean sea level or local ground level as the reference datum. When flying at a level, the altimeter is always set to standard pressure.
On the flight deck, the instrument for measuring altitude is the pressure altimeter. There are several types of altitude, Indicated altitude is the reading on the altimeter when it is set to the local barometric pressure at mean sea level.
In UK aviation radiotelephony usage, the distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level. Absolute altitude is the height of the aircraft above the terrain over which it is flying and it can be measured using a radar altimeter. It is indicated altitude corrected for temperature and pressure. Height is the elevation above a reference point, commonly the terrain elevation.
Pressure altitude is used to indicate flight level which is the standard for reporting in the U. Pressure altitude and indicated altitude are the same when the setting is Density altitude is the altitude corrected for non-ISA International Standard Atmosphere atmospheric conditions, aircraft performance depends on density altitude, which is affected by barometric pressure, humidity and temperature.
On a very hot day, density altitude at an airport may be so high as to preclude takeoff and these types of altitude can be explained more simply as various ways of measuring the altitude, Indicated altitude — the altitude shown on the altimeter.
In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans, Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of human populations. This article refers mainly to human population, in population genetics a sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. This means that they can regularly exchange gametes to produce normally-fertile offspring and this also implies that all members belong to the same species.
If the gamodeme is very large, and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, however, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbours.
This may be viewed as the breaking up of a sexual population into smaller overlapping sexual populations. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient, note that all homozygotes are increased in frequency — both the deleterious and the desirable. The mean phenotype of the collection is lower than that of the panmictic original — which is known as inbreeding depression.
It is most important to note, however, that some lines will be superior to the panmictic original, while some will be about the same. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations, in plant and animal breeding, procedures have been developed which deliberately utilise the effects of dispersion. It can be shown that dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance and this is so for both allogamous and autogamous gamodemes.
In ecology, the population of a species in a certain area can be estimated using the Lincoln Index. As of todays date, the population is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to be 7. The US Census Bureau estimates the 7 billion number was surpassed on 12 March , according to papers published by the United States Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.