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That the RPA triumphed once bitcoin dark richmond in was a tribute to its staying power and capacity to mobilize bitcoin dark richmond broad constituency around a working-class agenda.
Richmond is a bitcoin dark richmond town. Other industrial development followed, peaking in World War II with a giant Kaiser shipyard, Ford plant, and dozens of other industrial companies employing tens of thousands of workers. Richmond is home to the Rosie the Riveter national historic park commemorating the role of women industrial workers during World War II.
Those bitcoin dark richmond included many black migrants from the American South squeezed into bitcoin dark richmond and segregated housing. The city rapidly deindustrialized after the war, leaving large swathes of abandoned factories and toxic residue. There are few corporate entities more reprehensible than large oil corporations.
The prototype, Standard Oil, was created by John D. Rockefeller in and by the s controlled close to 90 percent of US oil refining and distribution. Broken up by trustbusters init spawned dozens of new companies. Half of the members of my old union, the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers now part of the Steelworkersworked for these behemoths.
Big bitcoin dark richmond never accepted the post—World War II consensus that unions ought to be integrated as junior partners into a tripartite class-conflict management team. The industry extracted a huge toll on its workers.
OCAW leader Tony Mazzocchi took it a step further by bitcoin dark richmond the union membership as the first line of defense against corporate polluters. After a explosion at the Phillips 66 Chemical Plant in Pasadena, Texas, killed twenty-three workers and contaminated a community, the OCAW led the effort to establish the Bitcoin dark richmond Safety Board to investigate petrochemical incidents and make recommendations for safer practices.
Nonetheless, like all trade unions in a capitalist economy, the OCAW and the petrochemical industry were locked in a bitcoin dark richmond with the devil. The best working-class wages and benefits in America are paid by an industry that routinely opposes social and legal protections that would empower working people.
The same companies that workers depend on for a secure retirement and a future for their families are promoting a ruinous extractive business model that is the motive force behind the bitcoin dark richmond environmental catastrophe.
It was easier for unions like OCAW to challenge giants like Chevron when times were good and labor was in demand. By the s, as deindustrialization set in, it got a whole lot tougher. Many members began to see their refinery or chemical plant job as the only thing standing between them and abject poverty. And the bosses knew exactly how to foment that fear.
Outside the plant gates, workers began to see bitcoin dark richmond residents bitcoin dark richmond about exposure to pollution as potential adversaries rather than allies. This was easier to do because the relatively well-paid refinery workers tended to live far away from their toxic workplaces while the fence-line communities increasingly housed poor people of color. Yet its departure would be a death blow to many of these struggling towns.
Residents need only to look to Flint, Michigan, Youngstown, Ohio, Camden, New Jersey, and the hundreds of other company towns without a company to understand the stark future in store for them if they push their corporate master too hard. It seems the only thing worse than being exploited and abused by a major corporation is not being exploited and abused by one.
This dynamic helps generate a uniquely dysfunctional politics that disempowers and demoralizes residents while the political class curries favor with the company and competes for spoils. In Richmond, as in many industrial towns, the process of deindustrialization was accompanied by the rise of a black urban political regime.
Much of the impetus for its rise came from the ethnic succession that underlies machine politics in many cities. But black politics often consolidated in conflict with uniquely entrenched white political machines and arose at a time when the Black Power Movement gave a patina of radicalism to these challenges.
Some of these local black political insurgencies were led by pure opportunists who understood that their role from the get-go was to serve capital. Many, however, were originally animated by an anti-corporate politics and were intent on addressing the underdevelopment and deindustrialization that were devastating their communities. As with unions, it was a whole lot easier to mount such a challenge when times were good and factories were booming.
By the s, the options open to anti-corporate reformers elected to municipal government in company towns were extremely limited. In addition, a politics of racial solidarity is unable to bitcoin dark richmond, or even comprehend, the formidable forces arrayed against it. Ultimately most black urban political regimes became instruments of class domination. Big Oil, Big Money, and the Remaking of an American City tracks the working out of all of these dynamics on the rise and fall of Richmond.
Early describes bitcoin dark richmond, over twelve years, this movement has been winning elections and implementing real and reproducible public policies that have helped to revitalize the city.
In the process, he bitcoin dark richmond some clues towards what an independent and sustainable working-class politics could look like at a local level. Early is well positioned to tell this story. The rise of the Richmond Progressive Alliance was a shock to them. Here was a group whose leaders were not interested in getting paid.
This involved more than just facing the voters every two years. They also utilized the power of appointment to ensure that appointees to the vast array of city commissions, boards, and committees represented the interests and concerns of the community. Bitcoin dark richmond insurgent movements which, from time to time, have come bitcoin dark richmond power in dying industrial cities that have very few internal resources or prospects for development, the RPA arose in a region that was undergoing rapid economic expansion.
RPA was able to unite and mobilize hundreds of campaign volunteers who bitcoin dark richmond talk to their neighbors and give voice to their concerns. The RPA stayed active pushing for clean and safe neighborhoods, accountable policing, affordable housing, and sustainable economic development.
Even when they were defeated, as they were in their plan to use the power of eminent domain to block home foreclosures or their proposed soda tax that was defeated by Big Soda, they continued to maintain wide public support bitcoin dark richmond respect for their principles and commitment.
This is because their deep-organizing approach gave people context to understand how their various initiatives were connected to building a livable city free from corporate control.
Coming from 94 percent white Fargo, North Dakota and openly gay, he did not seem to be the best choice to shake up an entrenched urban police department in a city with a horrendous civilian homicide rate. But he established and enforced a bitcoin dark richmond standard of community policing as the RPD worked with churches, youth groups, neighborhood councils, and activist organizations to deter street violence and crime while reducing killings by police.
He may be the only police chief in America who participated in a Black Lives Matter protest. On his watch, civilian oversight of the police was strengthened. He certainly set the bitcoin dark richmond for a more humane and community-focused policing. Early takes pains to stress the limitations and dissonances within the RPA.
Through various formal and informal mechanisms, the cadre exert considerable influence over direction and governance of the RPA. They often were aligned with the Green Party bitcoin dark richmond other independent political formations, including socialists. This goes to the core of the inherent problems of municipally based political insurgencies.
They often succeed in eliminating corruption, running clean governments, and raising the quality, accessibility, and range of municipal services in ways that produce real benefits for working-class and poor residents. However, their range is too narrow to effect broader changes in the political economy.
And, like Chevron in Richmond, their opponents draw their power and resources from far beyond the city limits. While sometimes temporarily defeated or constrained, the organized power of capital remains a constant threat, and it will take every opportunity to undermine and eliminate any serious political opponents. Early concludes his book with a description of the new challenges facing Richmond that threaten the lasting power of its anti-corporate city government.
Bitcoin dark richmond of the rapid expansion of the tech economy throughout the San Francisco Bay area, the city is being subject to increasing pressures associated with gentrification and real-estate development. These developments were the backdrop to the RPA-supported rent control initiative with just-cause eviction protections that passed in November While a good first step, this battle is just in its first stages, and there are few successful models of cities developing real alternatives to gentrification.
Still, the RPA has achieved more and lasted longer bitcoin dark richmond any recent urban reform movement. After twelve years of being the primary governing force, the overall quality of life bitcoin dark richmond sense of community have vastly improved in Richmond. Refinery Town tells its story and is indispensable reading for activists thinking about the real problems of governance once an insurgency gains a toehold of power.
Company Town Richmond is a company town. Dancing With the Devil Nonetheless, like all trade unions in a capitalist economy, the OCAW and the petrochemical industry were locked in a dance with the devil.
As Adolph Reed has observed, [W]hat is now recognized as black politics is fundamentally a professional-managerial class program that constitutes the left wing of neoliberalism. Deep Organizing Early describes how, over twelve years, this movement has been winning bitcoin dark richmond and bitcoin dark richmond real and reproducible public policies that have helped to revitalize the city.
From Company Town to New Economy Stepchild Early concludes his book with a description of the new challenges facing Richmond that threaten the lasting power of its anti-corporate city government. The Health of Nations Issue The First Red Century Issue By Taking Power Issue Journey to the Dark Side Issue The Party We Need Issue Rank and File Issue Between the Risings Issue Up From Liberalism Issue Uneven and Combined Issue Struggle and Progress Issue Ours to Master Issue Paint the Town Red Issue bitcoin dark richmond A World to Win Issue Alive in the Sunshine Issue Misery Index Issue Assembly Required Issue 9: Modify Your Dissent Issue Phase Two Issue Liberalism is Dead Issue 2: And Yet It Moves Issue 1: