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Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of chemicals that bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body, but that are different from the natural cannabinoids in cannabis plants. They are often marketed as designer drugs or sold in products with claims that they give the effects of cannabis. When these chemicals are sprayed or otherwise soaked into a plant or other base material the blend is sometimes misleadingly referred to as synthetic marijuana.
There are several psychoactive artificial buy k2 liquid herbal incense families e. AM-xxx, HU-xxx, JWH-xxx, CP xx that are sprayed onto plant matter that is then sold under brand names like K2 [2] and Spice[3] both of which are now often used as buy k2 liquid herbal incense terms for any synthetic cannabinoid product. When synthetic cannabinoid blends first went on sale in the early s, it was thought that they achieved an effect through a mixture of natural herbs.
Laboratory analysis in showed that this was not the case, and that many in fact contain synthetic cannabinoids that act on the body in a similar way to cannabinoids naturally found in cannabis, such as THC or CBD. A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids, most often cannabicyclohexanolJWHJWHor HUare used in an attempt to avoid the laws that make cannabis illegal, making synthetic cannabinoid a designer drug.
They have been sold under various brand names, online, in head shopsand other stores. These blends are often marketed as herbal incense or "herbal smoking blends", and the products are usually consumed through smoking. Although synthetic cannabinoids may not produce positive results in drug tests for cannabis, it is possible to detect their metabolites in human urine.
The synthetic cannabinoids contained in these products have been made illegal in many countries. A study has associated synthetic cannabinoid use with buy k2 liquid herbal incense episodes and death. Synthetic cannabinoids are used for recreational drug use ; [1] however many were designed for research purposes, in part due to legal restrictions on natural cannabinoids preventing research. Buy k2 liquid herbal incense are ongoing to examine their therapeutic potential.
The drug is used in an attempt to get the effects of cannabis or similar effects. Synthetic cannabinoids frequently produce adverse effects which lead to hospitalization or referrals to poison control centers. Synthetic cannabinoids are potent drugs capable of causing clinical intoxication and death [11] probably due to CNS depression and hypothermia when used. Many compounds have been banned in the U. No official studies have been conducted on the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on humans as is often the case with illegal and potentially toxic compounds.
Compared to cannabis and its active cannabinoid THCthe adverse effects are often much more severe and can include hypertensiontachycardiamyocardial infarction[15] agitation, vomiting, hallucinations, psychoses, seizures, convulsions [16] and panic attacks.
At least one death has been linked to overdose of synthetic cannabinoids [23] and in Colorado three deaths in September have been investigated for being linked to synthetic cannabinoids. These more severe adverse effects in contrast to use of marijuana are thought to stem from the fact that many of the synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists to the cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2Rcompared to THC which is only a partial agonist and thus not able to saturate and activate all of the receptor population regardless of dose and resulting concentration.
This may further explain the increased toxicity of synthetic cannabinoids compared to THC. Huffmanwho first synthesised many of the cannabinoids used in synthetic cannabis mimics, is quoted as saying, "People who use it are idiots. Doctors treating the user also noted that his use of the product showed signs associated with addiction.
Psychiatrists treating him have suggested that the lack of an antipsychotic chemical, similar to cannabidiol found in natural cannabis, may make synthetic cannabinoid products buy k2 liquid herbal incense likely to induce psychosis than natural cannabis.
Studies are currently available which suggest an association between synthetic cannabinoids and psychosis. In contrast to most other recreational drugs, the dramatic psychotic state induced by use of synthetic cannabinoids has been reported, in multiple cases, to persist for several weeks, buy k2 liquid herbal incense in one case for seven months, after complete cessation of drug use.
In Aprilthe Centers for Disease Control issued a Clinical Action alert to health buy k2 liquid herbal incense providers across the United States advising of 89 confirmed cases of "serious unexplained bleeding" in Illinois. The cases are still being studied; however, 63 of the patients reported synthetic cannabinoid use, and laboratory analysis confirmed brodifacouma rat poison that causes bleeding, in at least 18 patients. This has lead the CDC to state that "a working hypothesis is the synthetic cannabinoids were contaminated with brodifacoum".
The major urinary metabolites, in most cases formed by oxidation of the alkyl side-chain to an alcohol and carboxylic acid followed by glucuronide conjugation, but also by N-dealkylation and aromatic hydroxylation, are usually present in urine at similar concentrations. The presence of synthetic cannabinoids or their metabolites in biofluids may be determined using specifically-targeted commercially available immunoassay screening methods, while liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is most often used for confirmation and quantitation.
Use of the term "synthetic marijuana" to describe products containing synthetic cannabinoids is controversial and, according to Dr. Nelson claims that relative to marijuana such products containing synthetic cannabinoids "are really quite different, and the effects are much more unpredictable.
Research on the safety of synthetic cannabinoids is now being conducted and its findings published. Initial studies have been largely concerned with the role of synthetic cannabinoids in psychosis. Synthetic cannabinoids may precipitate psychosis and in some cases it may be protracted. Some studies suggest that synthetic cannabinoid intoxication is buy k2 liquid herbal incense with acute psychosis, worsening of previously stable psychotic disorders, and may trigger a chronic long-term psychotic disorder among vulnerable individuals such as those with a family history of mental illness.
Synthetic cannabinoids are stated to be toxic and addictive to the brain but include a broad class of compounds in which neurotoxicity may vary substantially. Synthetic cannabis mimics are sometimes claimed by the manufacturers to contain a mixture of traditionally used medicinal herbs, each of which producing mild effects, with the overall blend resulting in the cannabis-like intoxication produced by the product.
Herbs listed on the packaging of Spice include Canavalia maritima coastal jack-beanNymphaea caerulea blue Egyptian water lilyScutellaria nana dwarf skullcapPedicularis densiflora Indian warriorLeonotis leonurus lion's tailZornia latifolia maconha bravaNelumbo nucifera lotusand Leonurus sibiricus honeyweed. However, when the product was analyzed by laboratories in Germany and elsewhere, it was found that many of the characteristic "fingerprint" molecules expected to be present from the claimed plant ingredients were not present.
There were also large amounts of synthetic tocopherol present. This suggested that the actual ingredients might not have buy k2 liquid herbal incense the same as those listed on the packet, and a German government risk assessment of the product conducted in November concluded that it was unclear as to what the actual plant ingredients were, where the synthetic tocopherol had come from, and whether the subjective cannabis-like effects were actually produced by any of the claimed plant ingredients or instead caused by a synthetic cannabinoid drug.
Unlike herbal smoking blendssynthetic cannabis mimics may use chemicals on their herbs, but both can use legal psychotropic herbs. In many cases the buy k2 liquid herbal incense have no effect on buy k2 liquid herbal incense or are overpowered by the chemicals on them.
The first synthetic cannabinoids were synthesized by Roger Adams in the early s. Early cannabinoid research concentrated on tetrahydrocannabinol or "THC" as the main psychoactive buy k2 liquid herbal incense analgesic compound found in the cannabis plant. Other natural cannabinoids such as cannabidiol or "CBD" are less well studied, and not illegal in most jurisdictions. Most synthetic cannabinoids are analogs of THC. The first generation of THC analogs synhexylnabilonenabitannantradol featured slight variations buy k2 liquid herbal incense the THC molecule, such as esterifying the phenolic hydroxy group, extending and branching of the pentyl side chain, or substituting nitrogen for oxygen in the benzopyran ring.
Nabilone entered the clinic in as an antiemetic. Synthetic THC buy k2 liquid herbal incensedronabinol entered the clinic in as an antiemetic and again in as an appetite stimulant. HU is apparently the most active cannabinoid used at present. It is up to times more active than THC in mice. AM a paracetamol metabolite is an inhibitor of endocannabinoid cellular uptake, prolonging their effects.
In Januaryresearchers at the University of Freiburg in Germany announced that an active substance in Spice was an undisclosed analogue of the synthetic cannabinoid CP 47, In Julyit was announced that JWH is one of the active components in at least three versions of Spice, which had been sold in a number of countries around the world sinceoften marketed as incense.
Customs and Border Protection. Different ratios of JWH and CP 47, and their analogues have been found in different brands of synthetic cannabis mimic products [33] and manufacturers constantly change the composition buy k2 liquid herbal incense their products.
Other non-cannabinoid ingredients have also been found in synthetic cannabis mimics around the world, but they do not produce classical cannabis intoxication effects. This includes substituted cathinone derived stimulant drugs such as 4-methylbuphedrone and 4-methyl-alpha-PPPand psychedelic tryptamine derivatives such as 4-HO-DET.
According to the Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Project, synthetic cannabinoids, sold under the brand name Spice, first appeared in Europe in In the brand gained popularity. Because Spice was the dominant brand untilthe competing brands that started to appear from on were also dubbed Spice. Spice can, therefore, refer to both the brand Spice, as to all herbal blends with synthetic cannabinoids added. In a survey of readers of a popular English magazine Mixmag found that buy k2 liquid herbal incense According to a US Federal Bureau of Investigation memo which mentions a group of five synthetic chemicals made temporarily illegal by the US Drug Enforcement Administration the year before, the term for naming this compound is either "herbal incense" or "synthetic marijuana".
The memo suggests that Dr. Huffman, an organic chemist at Clemson Universitywas responsible for the development of the first synthetic marijuana JWH created as a part of his groundbreaking research on cannabinoid receptors in the human brain.
The FBI concludes that as a result of the publication of his research people searching for a "marijuana-like-high" would follow Dr Huffman's recipes and methods. In two brands, the benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug phenazepam was also found, which is classified as a prescription medicine in New Zealand, and these brands were ordered to be removed from the market by emergency recall.
Spice is not specifically prohibited in Canada, but synthetic cannabis mimics are listed as a schedule II drug. Rozga shot himself in the head with a family owned hunting rifle in an apparent suicide in June 6, After news of Rozga's death, it was reported by buy k2 liquid herbal incense that they buy k2 liquid herbal incense smoked K2 with Rozga approximately one hour before his death. The nature of his death and reports from numerous family members, had led investigators to suspect that it was likely Rozga was under the influence of a mind-altering buy k2 liquid herbal incense, at the time of his death.
The death of Rozga has been used as a face of political lobbying against the continuation of K2, buy k2 liquid herbal incense other legal synthetic drugs, such as bath salts. It was approved into legislation by the United States Congress in June It banned synthetic compounds commonly found in synthetic marijuana, placing them under Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act. Prior to that, some compounds within synthetic cannabis mimics HU were scheduled in the US under federal law, while others JWH have been temporarily buy k2 liquid herbal incense until final determination of their status can be made.
Adverse health effects associated with its use include seizures, hallucinations, paranoid behavior, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, racing heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure. Several states independently passed acts making it illegal under state law, including Kansas in March[] Georgia and Alabama in Maybuy k2 liquid herbal incense [] Tennessee and Missouri in July[] [] Louisiana in August[ citation needed ] Mississippi in September[ citation needed ] and Iowa.
Dennis Daugaard on February 23, and which took immediate effect under an emergency clause of the state constitution. Following cases in Japan involving the use of synthetic cannabinoids buy k2 liquid herbal incense navy, army and marine corps personnel resulted in the official banning of it, [] a punitive general order issued on January 4, by the Commander Marine Corps Forces, Pacific prohibits the actual or attempted possession, use, sale, buy k2 liquid herbal incense and manufacture of synthetic cannabis mimics as well as any derivative, analogue or variant of it.
On October 20,buy k2 liquid herbal incense Louisiana State University football program announced that it had suspended three players, including star cornerback Tyrann Mathieuwho tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids.
In Julyover 33 people were suspected to have overdosed on K2 and were rushed to the hospital. Police raided 5 Brooklyn bodegas in search of the synthetic cannabinoid. In Aprilthe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC issued an alert stating that synthetic cannabinoids in areas of Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Missouri, and Wisconsin were contaminated with brodifacoumleading to 2 deaths and the hospitalization of 94 people.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 July Scary Drug or Another Drug Scare? Retrieved November 24, Retrieved 29 October A randomized controlled trial". Pain Treatment Without Tolerance or Withdrawal". Retrieved 25 May Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.
