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Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. Google Chrome is also the main component of Chrome OS , where it serves as a platform for running web apps.
Google releases the majority of Chrome's source code as the Chromium open-source project; [13] [14] however, Chrome itself is proprietary software. Chrome used the WebKit layout engine until version He stated that "at the time, Google was a small company," and he did not want to go through "bruising browser wars. Rumors of Google building a web browser first appeared in September Online journals and U. It also came shortly after the final 1.
The release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3, , and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser.
The browser was first publicly released on September 2, for Windows XP and later, with 43 supported languages, officially a beta version , [32] and as a stable public release on December 11, On the same day, a CNET news item [33] drew attention to a passage in the Terms of Service statement for the initial beta release, which seemed to grant to Google a license to all content transferred via the Chrome browser.
This passage was inherited from the general Google terms of service. Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in According to Google, existing implementations were designed "for small programs, where the performance and interactivity of the system weren't that important", but web applications such as Gmail "are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and JavaScript ", and therefore would significantly benefit from a JavaScript engine that could work faster.
Chrome initially used the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages. In , they forked the WebCore component to create their own layout engine Blink. Based on WebKit, Blink only uses WebKit's "WebCore" components, while substituting other components, such as its own multi-process architecture, in place of WebKit's native implementation. Google created Gears for Chrome, which added features for web developers typically relating to the building of web applications, including offline support.
In May , Google announced a version of Chrome for augmented reality and virtual reality devices. Google Chrome features a minimalistic user interface, with its user-interface principles later being implemented into other browsers.
For example, the merging of the address bar and search bar into the omnibox. Chrome allows users to synchronize their bookmarks, history, and settings across all devices with the browser installed by sending and receiving data through a chosen Google Account, which in turn updates all signed-in instances of Chrome.
This can be authenticated either through Google credentials, or a sync passphrase. The first release of Google Chrome passed both the Acid1 and Acid2 tests. Beginning with version 4. This test reports as the final score the number of tests a browser failed; hence lower scores are better. In , on the official CSS 2. On the HTML5 web standards test, Chrome 41 scores out of points, placing it ahead of the five most popular desktop browsers. Chrome periodically retrieves updates of two blacklists one for phishing and one for malware , and warns users when they attempt to visit a site flagged as potentially harmful.
Chrome uses a process-allocation model to sandbox tabs. The Sandbox Team is said to have "taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail. Since , Chrome has been faulted for not including a master password to prevent casual access to a user's passwords. Chrome developers have indicated that a master password does not provide real security against determined hackers and have refused to implement one.
Bugs filed on this issue have been marked "WontFix". No security vulnerabilities in Chrome were exploited in the three years of Pwn2Own from — At Pwn2Own , Chrome was defeated by a French team who used zero day exploits in the version of Flash shipped with Chrome to take complete control of a fully patched bit Windows 7 PC using a booby-trapped website that overcame Chrome's sandboxing.
Chrome was compromised twice at the CanSecWest Pwnium. A significant number of security vulnerabilities in Chrome occur in the Adobe Flash Player. For example, in the Pwn2Own successful attack on Chrome relied on four security vulnerabilities. Two of the vulnerabilities were in Flash, one was in Chrome, and one was in the Windows kernel.
The first phase of the plan is to disable Flash for ads and "background analytics", with the ultimate goal of disabling it completely by the end of the year, except on specific sites that Google has deemed to be broken without it. Flash would then be re-enabled with the exclusion of ads and background analytics on a site-by-site basis. Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from —, detail the capabilities of the CIA , such as the ability to compromise web browsers including Google Chrome.
Google introduced download scanning protection in Chrome Sites that employ invasive ads are given a day warning, after which their ads will be blocked. The private browsing feature called Incognito mode prevents the browser from permanently storing any history information, cookies , site data, or form inputs []. Downloaded files and bookmarks will be stored. In addition, user activity is not hidden from visited websites or the internet service provider.
Incognito mode is similar to the private browsing feature in other web browsers. It doesn't prevent saving in all windows: You'll only be in incognito mode when you're using the incognito window". On June the Debian developer community discovered that Chromium 43 and Chrome 43 were programmed to download the Hotword Shared Module , which could enable the OK Google voice recognition extension, although by default it was "off".
This raised privacy concerns in the media. Chrome sends details about its users and their activities to Google through both optional and non-optional user tracking mechanisms. Some of the tracking mechanisms can be optionally enabled and disabled through the installation interface [] and through the browser's options dialog. In March , Google devised a new method to collect installation statistics: The optional suggestion service included in Google Chrome has been criticized because it provides the information typed into the Omnibox to the search provider before the user even hits return.
This allows the search engine to provide URL suggestions, but also provides them with web usage information tied to an IP address. The optional feature to use a web service to help resolve spelling errors has privacy implications. The protocol was implemented in version The JavaScript virtual machine used by Chrome, the V8 JavaScript engine , has features such as dynamic code generation , hidden class transitions , and precise garbage collection.
In , several websites performed benchmark tests using the SunSpider JavaScript Benchmark tool as well as Google's own set of computationally intense benchmarks, which include ray tracing and constraint solving. On September 3, , Mozilla responded by stating that their own TraceMonkey JavaScript engine then in beta , was faster than Chrome's V8 engine in some tests. He stated that Firefox 3.
SPDY support was removed in Chrome version A multi-process architecture is implemented in Chrome [] where, by default, a separate process is allocated to each site instance and plugin. This procedure is termed process isolation , [] and it prevents tasks from interfering with each other, raising security and stability.
An attacker successfully gaining access to one application gains access to no others, [] and failure in one instance results in a Sad Tab screen of death , similar to the well-known Sad Mac , but only one tab crashes instead of the whole application.
This strategy exacts a fixed per-process cost up front, but results in less memory bloat over time as fragmentation is confined to each instance and no longer needs further memory allocations. Chrome includes a process management utility called Task Manager which lets users see what sites and plugins are using the most memory , downloading the most bytes and overusing the CPU and provides the ability to terminate them.
A home button is not shown by default, but can be added through the Settings page to take the user to the new tab page or a custom home page. Tabs are the main component of Chrome's user interface and as such, have been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls. This subtle change contrasts with many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows and contain tabs.
Tabs, with their state, can be transferred seamlessly between window containers by dragging. Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox. The Omnibox is a URL box that combines the functions of both the address bar and search box.
If a user enters the URL of a site previously searched from, Chrome allows pressing Tab to search the site again directly from the Omnibox. Although Instant can be turned off, suggestions based on previously visited sites cannot be turned off.
Chrome will also autocomplete the URLs of sites visited often. One of Chrome's differentiating features is the New Tab Page , which can replace the browser home page and is displayed when a new tab is created. Originally, this showed thumbnails of the nine most visited web sites, along with frequent searches, recent bookmarks, and recently closed tabs; similar to Internet Explorer and Firefox with Google Toolbar , or Opera's Speed Dial.
Starting in version 3. The thumbnails could be rearranged, pinned, and removed. Alternatively, a list of text links could be displayed instead of thumbnails. It also features a "Recently closed" bar that shows recently closed tabs and a "tips" section that displays hints and tricks for using the browser.
Chrome includes a bookmarks submenu that lists the user's bookmarks, provides easy access to Chrome's Bookmark Manager, and allows the user to toggle a bookmarks bar on or off. For web developers , Chrome features an element inspector Inspect Element , similar to the browser extension in Firebug , which allows users to look into the DOM and see what makes up the webpage. Chrome has special URLs that load application-specific pages instead of websites or files on disk.
Chrome also has a built-in ability to enable experimental features. In March , Google introduced a new simplified logo to replace the previous 3D logo that had been used since the project's inception. Google designer Steve Rura explained the company reasoning for the change: In September , Google started making Chrome apps "For your desktop. Chrome allows users to make local desktop shortcuts that open web applications in the browser.
The browser, when opened in this way, contains none of the regular interface except for the title bar, so as not to "interrupt anything the user is trying to do". This allows web applications to run alongside local software similar to Mozilla Prism and Fluid. This feature, according to Google, will be enhanced with the Chrome Web Store , a one-stop web-based web applications directory which opened in December The themes and extensions have also been tightly integrated into the new store, allowing users to search the entire catalog of Chrome extras.
Google Chrome Extensions are browser extensions that modify Google Chrome. There are three levels of permissions that an app or extension may request.