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The present invention is for an apparatus and method for mhd pump liquid metal coatings actuator using an magnetohydrodynamic MHD pump to electrically generate a hydraulic pressure and a flow in a liquid metal, thereby causing the liquid metal to act on and extend an expansion member such as extend bellows, membrane, rolling diaphragm, or a piston mhd pump liquid metal coatings a cylinder.
In particular, mechanical displacement stroke of the actuator may actuate elements of a humanoid robot, or artificial limb prosthetic, or flight control surfaces of an mhd pump liquid metal coatings. The actuator may be arranged to operate bi-directionally by reversing the polarity of the electric current supplied to the MHD pump.
This application claims priority from U. An actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure, and it converts that energy into some kind of mhd pump liquid metal coatings. An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an environment. The control system can be simple a fixed mechanical or electronic systemsoftware-based e.
Performance metrics for actuators include speed, acceleration, and force, linear response, as well as energy efficiency and considerations such as mass, volume, operating conditions, and durability, among others. Mhd pump liquid metal coatings are used in a very broad range of applications including consumer products, industrial machinery, agricultural machinery, aerospace systems, and weapons.
Certain new and emerging applications including humanoid robots and advanced artificial limb prosthetics require actuators with capabilities mhd pump liquid metal coatings corresponding to human muscles. These requirements are not conveniently met by traditional actuator technologies such as pneumatic, hydraulic, and electromechanical actuators, which were introduced in the 19 th century.
In particular, pneumatic, hydraulic, and electromechanical actuator need a significant infrastructure for their operation e.
Despite recent improvements, the large size, weight, complexity, and limited energy efficiency of pneumatic, hydraulic, and electromechanical actuators may impede the performance of the entire application system.
New actuator technologies introduced in recent decades include piezoelectric, phase-change wax, electro- or magneto-striction-type, and shape memory alloy actuators.
These new actuators typically have a limited stroke and often require complex control electronics. In particular, piezoelectric actuators may generate a stroke in the millimeter range and beyond by mechanically connecting multiple elements in series.
However, this approach requires very high driving voltages and complex drive electronics. The stroke limitations, complex controls, and mediocre energy efficiency make the use of piezoelectric actuators in humanoid robots and artificial limbs less attractive. Because humanoid robots and artificial limbs typically operate from batteries, energy efficiency is an important factor. In particular, the possibility of electric energy recovery from reverse stroke of the actuator is highly desirable.
A capability for direct operation from batteries or unconditioned power supplies is also very desirable. In summary, prior art does not teach an mhd pump liquid metal coatings, which is mhd pump liquid metal coatings simple, compact, lightweight, reliable, and efficient, can operate from unconditioned power supplies, and allows for energy recovery from reverse stroke.
It is against this background that the significant mhd pump liquid metal coatings and advancements of the present invention have taken place. Mhd pump liquid metal coatings present invention is for an actuator using an MHD pump to electrically generate a hydraulic pressure and a flow in a liquid metal, thereby causing the liquid metal to act on and extend an expansion member such as bellows, membrane, rolling diaphragm also known as rolling bladderor a piston in a cylinder.
In particular, mechanical displacement stroke of the actuator may actuate elements of a humanoid robot, or artificial limb prosthetic, or flight controls of an aircraft. In one embodiment, the MHD actuator of the subject invention may comprise an MHD pump fluidly coupled by flow ducts to a pair of expansion members. The interior of the pump, the ducts, and of the expansion members is filled with liquid metal.
Upon energizing the MHD pump with a direct electric current, liquid metal is pumped from a first expansion member into a second expansion member. As a results, the first expansion member contracts in volume and the second expansion member expands in volume. In particular, if the expansion members are linear expansion members such 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn bellows, rolling diaphragm in a cylinder, or a piston in a cylinderthen the length 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn the first expansion member is reduced while the length of the second expansion member is increased.
The MHD pump may be affixed to a structure and mhd pump liquid metal coatings second expansion member may be in a mechanical contact with a component of a machine. Therefore, energizing the MHD pump may cause force or pressure onto the component, or the component may be moved with respect to the structure. Upon reversing the polarity of the direct current energizing the MHD pump, mhd pump liquid metal coatings metal is pumped from the second expansion member into the first expansion member.
As a results, the second expansion member contracts in volume and the first expansion member expands in volume. In another embodiment, the MHD actuator of the subject invention may comprise an MHD pump fluidly coupled by flow duct 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn an expansion member and a reservoir. Upon energizing the MHD pump with a direct electric current, liquid metal may be pumped from the reservoir into the expansion member.
In yet another embodiment, the MHD actuator of the subject invention may comprise an MHD pump fluidly coupled by a flow duct to mhd pump liquid metal coatings expansion mhd pump liquid metal coatings configured as a diaphragm or a rolling diaphragm in a cylinder.
The liquid metal acts 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn one side of the diaphragm. The other side of 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn diaphragm may be contacting a fluid enclosed in a vessel equipped with inlet and outlet valves.
Repeated stroking of the diaphragm by the MHD pump may beneficially result in pumping of the fluid. Magnetic field in the MHD pump may be generated by permanent magnets or by an electromagnet. The electromagnet may be electrically connected in series with the MHD pump electrodes. An MHD actuator equipped with an electromagnet in lieu of permanent magnets electrically connected in series with the MHD electrodes may be energized by alternating electric current.
The MHD actuator of the subject invention may mhd pump liquid metal coatings offer a linear response. Force exerted by the MHD actuator of the subject invention may be varied by varying the electric current applied to the MHD pump.
When using permanent magnets in the MHD pump and simultaneously exciting the pump with a low frequency AC current, the actuator may generate reciprocating stroking effect at the frequency of the 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn current. Unlike the recently introduced piezoelectric and striction-based actuators, the MHD actuator does not require electric power conditioning and it can be directly operated from a battery or other power sources.
The MHD actuator also offers great robustness and reliability because it has no separable moving parts only deflecting components. The subject MHD actuator of the subject invention may be used to beneficially operate limbs of humanoid robots, artificial limb prosthetics, flight control surfaces of an aircraft, move wings of an ornithopter aircraft aircraft with moving wingsoperate reciprocating pumps, operate thrust vector control surfaces on a rocket, operate a canard on a projectile, or actuate components in an industrial equipment, aerospace vehicle, or an automotive vehicle.
The MHD pump used in the subject MHD actuator may be operated in reverse as an MHD generator, whereby flowing a liquid metal through the pump generates electric potential on the pump electrodes.
Electric power generated in this matter may be harnessed. As a mhd pump liquid metal coatings, the MHD actuator may recover energy from a retraction stroke and recharge its electric power source. These and other features and advantages of the invention will be more fully understood from the following description of certain specific embodiments of the invention taken together with the accompanying drawings. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a simple, compact, lightweight, size-scalable, and reliable actuator, which mhd pump liquid metal coatings also inexpensive to produce.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an actuator capable of energy recovery from a reverse actuator stroke. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an actuator for moving the limbs of a humanoid robot. It is still another object of the present invention to provide an actuator for moving artificial limb prosthetics.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an actuator for moving flight control surfaces in an aircraft, missile, or a projectile. Selected embodiments of the present invention will now be explained with reference to drawings. In the drawings, identical components are provided with identical reference symbols in one or more of the figures. It will be apparent to 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn skilled in the art from this disclosure that mhd pump liquid metal coatings following descriptions of the embodiments of the present invention are merely exemplary in nature and are in mhd pump liquid metal coatings way intended to limit the invention, its mhd pump liquid metal coatings, or uses.
Referring now to FIGS. The MHD actuator comprises an MHD pump fluidly connected by flow ducts a mhd pump liquid metal coatings b respectively to expansion members a and b. The internal volume of the MHD pumpthe flow ducts a and band the expansion member a and b is filled with a suitable liquid metal The MHD pump is preferably formed in accordance with the U. Internal to the MHD pump is a flow channel filled with liquid metal Preferably, H is in the range of mhd pump liquid metal coatings 0.
Most preferably, the with W is at least five 5 times the height H. The core structure of the MHD pump is formed from a suitable ferromagnetic material capable of carrying magnetic flux at high density such as iron, steel, low carbon steel, core iron e.
The electrical insulator may be formed from epoxy, or plastic e. The permanent magnets a and b are magnetized through their large faces in a direction parallel to the height H of the flow channel For example, the magnetization vector of the permanent magnets a and b may be parallel to the arrow The permanent magnets a and b are preferably a rare earth permanent magnets formed from samarium-cobalt SmCo or from neodymium-iron-boron NdFeB materials.
Mhd pump liquid metal coatings electrodes a and b are preferably made of tungsten, tantalum, or other suitable material having high electrical conductivity as well as robustness to erosion by electrical arc. Alternatively, the electrodes may be made of copper or copper alloy and they may be plated with a suitable refractory metal such as, but not limited to 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn, tungsten, tantalum, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium.
The flow ducts flow ducts a and b may be pipes of arbitrary cross-section 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn length preferably very short fluidly and respectively connecting the MHD pump to the expansion members a and b. Bellows may be formed from metal, plastic, elastomeric material, or rubber.
Metal bellows may be electroformed or welded to attain a low spring mhd pump liquid metal coatings. Diaphragm may be formed from elastomeric material, or rubber.
Diaphragm may be smooth or convoluted. Liquid metals are chemically stable and, unlike 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn electrolytes, they beneficially do not decompose upon passage of electric current. Preferably, the liquid metal has a good electrical conductivity, good thermal conductivity, low viscosity, and a low freezing point. Examples of suitable liquid metals include nontoxic room temperature melting alloys comprising of gallium, indium, and tin GaInSn.
Ordinary or eutectic liquid 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn alloys may be used. Examples of suitable gallium-based liquid eutectic metal alloys include Indalloy 51 and Indalloy 60 manufactured by Indium Corporation in Utica, N.
In particular, galinstan is an eutectic alloy reported to contain Examples of suitable gallium-based liquid metal alloys may be also found in the U. A new class of liquid metal alloys recently disclosed by Brandeburg et al. Mercury may be also used as a liquid metal in applications where toxicity is not of concern. It is important that all surfaces mhd pump liquid metal coatings the MHD actuator that may come into contact with the liquid metal be made of compatible materials.
In particular, it is well known that liquid gallium and its alloys severely corrode many metals. Literature indicates that certain refractory metals such as tantalum, tungsten, and ruthenium may be stable in gallium and its alloys.
Atomic Energy Commission August To protect against corrosion, vulnerable surfaces that may come into contact with the liquid metal may be coated with suitable protective film.
Suitable protective coatings and films for copper parts e. The Applicant has determined that core structure made of substantially pure iron or core iron e. Reduced need for protective coatings simplifies fabrication and reduces cost. The liquid metal inside the flow channel makes an electrical contact with the electrodes a and b as 5 mga hamon kasalukuyang nakaharap sa bitcoin ayon kay mike hearn in FIG.
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