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In order to name organic compounds you must first memorize a few basic names. These names are listed within the discussion of naming alkanes. In general, the base part of the name reflects the number of carbons in what you have assigned to be the parent chain. The suffix of the name reflects the type s of functional group s present on or within the parent chain.
Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituents. Alkanes - saturated hydrocarbons The names of the straight chain saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon chain are shown below. The names of the substituents formed by the removal of one hydrogen from the end of the chain is obtained by changing the suffix - ane to - yl. There are a few common branched substituents which you should memorize.
These are shown below. Here is a simple list of rules to follow. Some examples are given at the end of the list. Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain.
Identify all of the substituents groups appending from the parent chain. Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that gives the substituents the lowest numbers. When compairing a series of numbers, the series that is the "lowest" is the one which contains the lowest number at the occasion of the first difference.
If two or more side chains are bitcoin side chains organic chemistry equivalent positions, assign the lowest number to the one which will come first in the name. If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which the substituent occurs is given.
In addition, the number of times the substituent group occurs is indicated by a prefix di, bitcoin side chains organic chemistry, tetra, etc.
If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order using the base name ignore the prefixes. The only prefix which is used when putting the substituents in alphabetical order is iso as in isopropyl or isobutyl.
The prefixes sec- and tert- are not used in determining alphabetical order except when compared with each other. If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the parent chain, then the bitcoin side chains organic chemistry goes in series to: A cyclic ring hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo- which appears directly in front of the base name. In summary, the name of the compound is written out with the substituents in alphabetical order followed by the base name derived from the number of carbons in the parent chain.
Commas are used between numbers and dashes are used between letters and numbers. There are no spaces in the name. Here are some examples: Alkyl halides The halogen is treated as a substituent on an alkane chain. The halo- substituent is considered of equal bitcoin side chains organic chemistry with an alkyl substituent in the numbering of the parent chain.
The halogens are represented as follows: Alkenes and Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbons Double bonds in hydrocarbons are indicated by replacing the suffix -ane with -ene. If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of double bonds present -adiene-atrieneetc.
Triple bonds are named in a similar way using the suffix -yne. The position of the multiple bond s within the parent chain is are indicated by placing the number s of the first carbon of the multiple bond s directly in front of the base name. Here is an important list of rules to follow: The parent chain is numbered so that the multiple bonds have the lowest numbers double and triple bonds have priority over alkyl and halo substituents.
When both double and triple bonds are present, numbers as low as possible are given to double and triple bonds even though this may at times give "-yne" a lower number than "-ene". When there is a choice in numbering, the double bonds are given the lowest numbers.
When both double and triple bonds are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -yne suffix follows the -en suffix notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene.
The location of the double bond s is are indicated before the parent name as before, and the location of the triple bond s is are indicated between the -en and -yne suffixes. See below for examples. For a branched unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbon, the parent chain is the longest carbon chain that contains the maximum number of double and triple bonds.
If there are two or more chains competing for selection as the parent chain chain with the most multiple bondsthe choice goes to 1 the chain with the greatest number of carbon atoms, 2 the of carbon atoms being equal, the bitcoin side chains organic chemistry containing the maximum number of double bonds.
If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of difference. Alcohols Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If there is more than one hydroxyl group -OHthe suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of hydroxyl groups present -anediol-anetrioletc.
Bitcoin side chains organic chemistry position of the hydroxyl group s on the parent chain is are indicated by placing the number s corresponding to the location s on the parent chain directly in front of the base name same as alkenes.
The hydroxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen bitcoin side chains organic chemistry, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
When both double bonds and hydroxyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent bitcoin side chains organic chemistry directly and the -ol suffix follows the -en suffix notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene.
The location of the double bond s is bitcoin side chains organic chemistry indicated before the parent name as before, and the location of the hydroxyl group s is are indicated between the -en and -ol suffixes. Again, bitcoin side chains organic chemistry hydroxyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
Ethers You are only expected to know how to name ethers by their commmon names. The two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with spaces between the names and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix di- is used if both alkyl groups are the same. Aldehydes Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anal. If there is more than one -CHO group, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -CHO groups present -anedial - there should not be more than 2 of these groups on the parent chain as they must occur at the ends.
It is not necessary to indicate the position of the -CHO group because this group will be at the end of the parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C Bitcoin side chains organic chemistry carbonyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain. When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -al suffix follows the -en suffix notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene.
The location of the double bond s is are indicated before the parent name as before, and the -al suffix follows the -en suffix directly.
Remember it is not necessary to specify the location bitcoin side chains organic chemistry the carbonyl group because it bitcoin side chains organic chemistry automatically be carbon 1. Again, the carbonyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
They are shown in the examples at the end of this list but at this point these bitcoin side chains organic chemistry will not be accepted by the computer. Eventually they will be accepted. Ketones Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. The position of the carbonyl group s on the parent bitcoin side chains organic chemistry is are indicated by placing the number s corresponding to the bitcoin side chains organic chemistry s on the parent chain directly in front of the base name same as alkenes.
When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly and the -one suffix follows the -en suffix notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene. The location of the double bond s is are indicated before the parent name as before, and the location of the carbonyl group s is are indicated between the -en and -one suffixes.
Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest continuous chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -ane of the corresponding alkane with -anoic acid. If there are two -COOH groups, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -COOH groups present -anedioic acid - there should not be more than 2 of these groups on the parent chain as they must occur at the ends.
It is not necessary to indicate the position of the -COOH group because this group will be at the end of the parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C The carboxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents, as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
If the carboxyl group is attached to a ring the parent ring is named and the suffix -carboxylic acid is added. When both double bonds and carboxyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows the parent chain directly bitcoin side chains organic chemistry the -oic acid suffix follows the -en suffix notice that the e is left off, -en instead of -ene. The location of the double bond s is are indicated before the parent name as before, and the -oic acid suffix follows the -en suffix directly.
Bitcoin side chains organic chemistry it is not necessary to specify the location of the carboxyl group because it will automatically be carbon 1. Again, the carboxyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain. Esters Systematic names of esters are based on the name of the bitcoin side chains organic chemistry carboxylic acid. Remember esters look like this: Amines You are only expected to know how to name amines by their common names.
They are named like ethers, the alkyl R groups attached to the nitrogen are put in alphabetical order with no spaces between the names and these are followed by the word amine. The prefixes di- and tri- are used if two or three of the alkyl groups are the same. Some books put spaces between the parts bitcoin side chains organic chemistry the name, but we will not. Summary of functional groups. How to name organic compounds using the IUPAC rules In order to name organic compounds you must first memorize a few basic names.
