Bip32 bitcoin wiki

HD Protocol, HD Wallet, BIP32

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Replace transaction merkle tree with a Merkle-sum-tree. This allows SPV nodes to stochastically validate the subsidy in blocks by fetching a random leaf and then fetching its txins. This way if you have a stream of utxo queries coming in, you bip32 bitcoin wiki make the work of them mine for you.

Validation then, is mining. If bip32 bitcoin wiki don't have enough queries coming in you just make some up at random. Represent the script as a merklized abstract syntax tree. The P2SH address is the root. When spending the spender only may provide only the branch they are executing, and hashes for the unexecuted branches. This increases privacy and can compress long scripts on spend. Pruned history Structure transactions so that the parts needed for validation txins, scriptsigs are separate from the output data scriptpubkey, bip32 bitcoin wiki and fee values and put them in separate hash trees.

All nodes fully prune all data more than a few thousand blocks back. Massive bip32 bitcoin wiki savings and bip32 bitcoin wiki in syncup speed. Massive security loss— an attacker that can construct a large reorg can steal all the transacted coin beyond a certain depth. Normative and committed merklized UTXO data structure allows full validation of current blocks by storageless nodes with SPV security Can be complimented by proof-of-misbehavior messages that show a block is invalid by packing up the tree fragments that provide the data needed to see its invalidity.

ZKP Validated checkpoints— Is bip32 bitcoin wiki possible to use computational integrity to create compact constant size checkpoint proofs that show that a checkpoint was the bip32 bitcoin wiki of a faithful validation of the blockchain?

This could be used to bip32 bitcoin wiki pruned history the same security as full Bitcoin up to the limitations of bip32 bitcoin wiki integrity proofs. Chain folding If nodes don't actually need to validate old chain data because of committed Bip32 bitcoin wiki and pruned history bip32 bitcoin wiki, it would be possible to 'fold up' the historic chain: Nodes which are validating just to gauge difficulty can skip the intermediate blocks.

This can be bip32 bitcoin wiki recursively. If the backpointers are randomized and every block is a candidate summary you end making the chain a merklized skiplist. Alternatively, do not store a UTXO set. Instead encode the transactions outputs in the blockchain in a merkle mountain range an insertion ordered fully populated binary tree, setup to make appends cheap over the whole chain.

Transactions are required to provide the update proofs that show their inputs in the tree and thus also allow you to null them out. This means that fully validating nodes and miners can be basically storageless, but wallets must take on the cost of remembering their own coins.

A transaction is mined but it isn't clear which inputs its spending. Fees are paid by unblinded inputs to prevent DOS attacks. Blinding is done in such a way that double bip32 bitcoin wiki are still obvious. If full nodes become expensive to operate in the future then they may become uncommon and this could compromise the security of Bitcoin.

This risk can be reduced if it's made possible for Bitcoin nodes to check all the rules at random and transmit compact proofs bip32 bitcoin wiki rule violations. If this is done even if there is only one honest full node in the world the system is secure so long as it can communicate to all others.

In general, in any deterministic computation process if you have simple state updates and commit to the sequence of states a compact proof of invalidity can be generated by producing a hash tree fragment to the first invalidate state transition. Ideas in this space have been previously discussed under the banner of proof-of-treachery [1]. Right now not all of the rules can be checked randomly or have compact proofs.

SPV header checks — time, target, difficulty, already have them. But if bip32 bitcoin wiki SPV nodes don't really check all the headers in the future it may be useful to arrange old header bip32 bitcoin wiki in a merkle mountain range to proofs of sum difficulty and compact proofs of incorrect difficulty.

Proof of invalid script Possible in the current system: Proof is tree fragments for the invalid txn in question as well as one invalid input no need to include more than one. Could be made more efficient by including commitments to intermediate states, but with the opcode limit all scripts are compact to verify in Bitcoin without doing anything fancier. Also proves nlocktime, etc.

To prove output value greater than inputs all inputs must be provided in the proof. Proof of double spend Possible in the current system: Proof is bip32 bitcoin wiki fragments for the two transactions which spend the same input.

Proof of false inflation Not possible without more data: The coinbase payment is the sum of fees in a block and the subsidy. Fees require knowing the transaction's inputs output values, to check subsidy you must bip32 bitcoin wiki only have all the transactions but all their inputs as well.

Nodes can randomly check this by grabbing a random txn bip32 bitcoin wiki checking its inputs, and compactly prove violation by showing where the fees don't match their commitments. Proof of block too large Similar to false inflation, requires all the transactions, bip32 bitcoin wiki similarly be solved by including the sum of txn sizes in the tree. Proof of spending a non-existing input Requires additional data: Proof is a pair of tree fragments for the higher and lower records for the missing entry, and another pair for the outputs created within a block but consumed.

I think you can even pull that off as a soft-fork I get your point, sometimes just trust-less is enough I think the big question is do you need the self-modifying code that forth makes possible? IE things like SPV-verifiable colored coins I think it makes most sense when the only pow is in tx's, although exactly what that'd look like is an interesting question I'd still be in favor of improving things generally, e.

What I'd do is just implement a generic snark validation, and providing the snark verification key in the transaction. Though I'm not aware of any way to do that which we'd consider in scope for this discussion. I propose that if our choice operator s are good then a maximally efficient winternitz signature will be completely natural.

The public key is just the root hash over this data. So, is there a way with ECDSA, given three messages pick a pubkey,r,s such that pubkey,r,s is a valid signature of any one of the three messages?

I think the most fundemental thing I've discovered is the concepts of how mining can be separated into timestamping and proof-of-publication Is it back in your possession now? What if that data has been further split into multiple parts with an error correcting code and spread to multiple machines. Now where does the coin reside? But there is no need that the best analogies need bip32 bitcoin wiki be physically intutive, in fact basically all of higher mathmatics is about manipulating abstractions which are in no way physically intutive.

I think relating to a payments ability to require transferable restrictions on the next transaction. But make the covenants temporary, the coins themselves perishable, or applied to user issued assets not colored coins but separately issued assets a la freimarketsand it is a different story IMHO.

Some of your competition doesn't mind disclosing this however. I think they should just take the scheme we discussed bip32 bitcoin wiki and execute it under a ZKP for bip32 bitcoin wiki programs. It would be similar in size to the zerocash proofs. Verifer does this too. Both prover and verifier get a hash root. The verifyer verifies the signature and the zkp. But it shouldn't be terrible. I believe it would be cheaper than another sha hash in any case.

Bip32 bitcoin wiki of an encrypted value or. I think not, at least bip32 bitcoin wiki with the GGPR12 stuff as the arith circuit field size is set by the size of the pairing crypto curve. You could get more elaborate, like timelocking the funds and show that funds beyond the withdraw daily limits are actually unspendable by the network, but perhaps I'm getting to cipherpunk there. I'm thinking bip32 bitcoin wiki a merklized AST what makes sense is merklized forth.

The forth dictionary concept is perfect for it, and means you have a simple, easy to implement language already used for embedded andother things and bitcoin scripting along with all the usual nice things like editor modes bip32 bitcoin wiki what not So you've bip32 bitcoin wiki your parameter stack and return stack, and are thus at the point where you can recreate Bitcoin scripting. Now the interesting thing to do is add TPM functionality, which means a PCR opcode and stack bip32 bitcoin wiki allow you to select what you want to consider as the start of the current trusted block of code.

Then add an encrypted stack, as expected encrypted with H sec PCR tipand some sort of monotonic counter thing. That should give you enough to do trusted computing with an extremely stable API, and that API itself can be just AST heads of useful library function calls that may actually be implemented directly in C or whatever rather than the opcodes themselves. I don't know that explicitly supporting that makes sense. Equally, forth is already common in applications, IE spacecraft, where you need relatively bare metal languages with simple frameworks and symantics; note how with forth it's much easier to get to the level where bip32 bitcoin wiki trust that the code being run is what you actually wrote than, say, C.

Equally, forth is already common in applications, IE spacecraft, where you need relatively bare metal languages with simple frameworks and symantics; note how with forth it's much bip32 bitcoin wiki to get to the level where you trust that the Just be clear what the maximum's are for the variou parts of the stack. Dunno yet what the stack datatype should be, MPI's are nice but there is the subtle issue that it'd be good to have some clear idea of how many operations an operation takes.

Of course, really simple would be bit ints and implement everything higher level in forth. Maybe a merkle mountain range of every value ever associated with a given key? I mentioned to TD earlier today the bip32 bitcoin wiki of miners committing to a merkle tree of txids in their mempool, just to prove visibility, you could use that if the commitment included txins being spent.

Appending needs to touch only the "mountain tips", that is the perfect merkle trees already stored, and for n items stored you'll have log2 n trees.

I've got an idea where you'd make transactions have commitments of previous ones with a merkle-mountain-range-like scheme so you could efficiently reference any previous transaction up to the genesis block.

This is easiest to understand if transactions can only have linear history, but a dag history is doable too. Anyway, wallet software would receive that history to know the coins are valid, thus pushing validation directly to the users. Obviously some way of pruning that history is important, SCIP is heavy-weight and complex but could work.

So one possible accumulator would be to construct a merkle tree of a bit field with one bit for every integer between 0 and 2 You can prove you added an integer to that set by showing the leaves for an operation updating the appropriate bit, and you can remove an integer with another set of leaves.

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This list is meant to focus your preparation, not provide an exhaustive list of all possible test materials. Understand what a centralized ledger is and how money has been organized on centralized ledgers in the modern digital economy.

Wake up little Suzie Future of blockchain Wat is macro-economy. How does money arise: It is a money system capital 'B' , 2. What is an altcoin. Bitcoins are like any other currency: The value of a bitcoin is constantly changing, and there is no centralised exchange for it. Think of it this way: There is no 'fixed' price. Usually, it's the seller's responsibility to give a fair price to the buyer based on what rate bitcoins are being traded in elsewhere. The difference between bitcoins and other currencies is that there is no centralised bank that prints the currency and sets relative values.

Through transactions, the value of bitcoin fluctuates through supply and demand. Understand the principles of asymmetric encryption and the impact it has on key exchange. Understand the relationship between digital signatures and asymmetric keys. Understand how users, advocates, developers, businesses, and governments impact the Bitcoin Protocol. Explain what types of institutions are actively involved in promoting, maintaining, or lobbying on behalf of the industry.

Explain the relationship between bitcoin addresses, public keys, and private keys; distinguish between them and describe the primary use of each. In terms of addresses and keys, describe how funds are accessed and transferred on the bitcoin network. Bitcoin Addresses and Keys.

Describe a bitcoin transaction in terms of inputs and outputs. Explain why a simple bitcoin transaction is irreversible. Understand the basics of transaction fees. What information is public? Know and understand the denominations of bitcoin and their relation to one another e. Explain the difference between Bitcoin capitalized B and bitcoin. Recognize other commonly used symbols referring to bitcoin as a digital currency. Understand network basics such as how the network is connected and the importance of independent nodes in the structure.

Explain common network attacks such as DDoS and how the network is secured from these types of attacks. What is a BIP? Explain the basic process of submitting, evaluating, and implementing a BIP. People wishing to submit BIPs, first should propose their idea or document to the mailing list.

After copy-editing and acceptance , it will be published here. We are fairly liberal with approving BIPs, and try not to be too involved in decision making on behalf of the community.

The exception is in very rare cases of dispute resolution when a decision is contentious and cannot be agreed upon. In those cases, the conservative option will always be preferred.

Having a BIP here does not make it a formally accepted standard until its status becomes Active. For a BIP to become Active requires the mutual consent of the community. Those proposing changes should consider that ultimately consent may rest with the consensus of the Bitcoin users see also: So the ability for a protocol change to be successfully implemented ultimately rests with those who accept bitcoins in exchange for value.

Generally those will be the merchants. If the economic majority doesn't run full nodes Bitcoin is dead. What is a bitcoin exchange? Who uses bitcoin exchanges and why? Understand the risks of storing bitcoin on exchanges and identify best practices for storing bitcoin.

What is a blockchain explorer? How can they be used to trace payments? What is an Unspent Transaction Output? How do these affect transactions you send and the change that is leftover from your transaction?

Why is this explanation wrong and why? Explain the basic value that miners provide to the bitcoin network. How are new bitcoins created? What is a mining pool? What is a centralized mining pool? What is a P2P pool? From the perspective of the network: From the perspective of a miner: What is the most popular hardware used today for bitcoin mining? Explain what a potential attacker can and cannot do with a large proportion of network hashing power.

Understand the relationship between mining pools, specialized hardware, and the likelihood of attacks. What is a bitcoin wallet and how are they used? The Hierarchical Deterministic HD key creation and transfer protocol BIP32 , which allows creating child keys from parent keys in a hierarchy. Wallets using the HD protocol are called HD wallets. An Oracle in this context is a trusted third party that signs transactions only when certain conditions are met, in order to enforce security or implement other functions.

HDM wallets with a third-party Oracle can provide security while not compromising usability. The user retains custody of 2 out of 3 keys, and does not experience counterparty risk, while still relying on a trustworthy third party to countersign normal transactions. The trusted third party, an Oracle, vets transactions to protect a user from theft, fraud and risk without being able to take possession or control of funds.

The Oracle can also alert the user to wallet compromise and merchants with negative reputation. For more about 2-of-3 multisignature wallets, please see BIP and the Storage white paper.

Describe the difference between lightweight and full clients. The Bitcoin reference client uses randomly generated keys. In order to avoid the necessity for a backup after every transaction , by default keys are cached in a pool of reserve keys. Still, these wallets are not intended to be shared and used on several systems simultaneously. They support hiding their private keys by using the wallet encrypt feature and not sharing the password, but such "neutered" wallets lose the power to generate public keys as well.

Deterministic wallets do not require such frequent backups, and elliptic curve mathematics permit schemes where one can calculate the public keys without revealing the private keys. This permits for example a webshop business to let its webserver generate fresh addresses public key hashes for each order or for each customer, without giving the webserver access to the corresponding private keys which are required for spending the received funds.

However, deterministic wallets typically consist of a single "chain" of keypairs. The fact that there is only one chain means that sharing a wallet happens on an all-or-nothing basis. However, in some cases one only wants some public keys to be shared and recoverable. In the example of a webshop, the webserver does not need access to all public keys of the merchant's wallet; only to those addresses which are used to receive customer's payments, and not for example the change addresses that are generated when the merchant spends money.

Hierarchical deterministic wallets allow such selective sharing by supporting multiple keypair chains, derived from a single root. The motivation to make this proposal stems from observations of the way physical bitcoins and paper wallets are used.

An issuer of physical bitcoins must be trustworthy and trusted. Even if trustworthy, users are rightful to be skeptical about a third party with theoretical access to take their funds. A physical bitcoin that cannot be compromised by its issuer is always more intrinsically valuable than one that can. A two-factor physical bitcoin solution is highly useful to individuals and organizations wishing to securely own bitcoins without any risk of electronic theft and without the responsibility of climbing the technological learning curve necessary to produce such an environment themselves.

Two-factor physical bitcoins allow a secure storage solution to be put in a box and sold on the open market, greatly enlarging the number of people who are able to securely store bitcoins. One of the most popular services provided by these payment processors is the instant conversion of Bitcoin BTC to your local fiat currency like USD for example. This is important for many businesses because most businesses which accept Bitcoin payments still have to pay all of their own costs and buy stock using fiat money, so changes in the exchange rate between Bitcoin and the businesses local currency could lead mogelijke klant in vroege aanbiedingsfase to losses if the BTC accepted as payment is not instantly converted into fiat.

Payment processors also provide you with all of the tools and reports that you need to make accepting Bitcoin payments as simple and convenient as possible without you having to develop your own software solution. What is the Secure Payment Protocol and how is it used on the network? How can you identify secure payments compared with standard payments?

This BIP describes a protocol for communication between a merchant and their customer, enabling both a better customer experience and better security against man-in-the-middle attacks on the payment process. Retrieved from " http: Navigation menu Personal tools Log in. Views Read View source View history. Navigation Main page Recent changes. This page was last modified on 20 November , at

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